Construcción y propiedades psicométricas de tres escalas para evaluar la sobrecarga de trabajo desde casa durante el covid-19 / Construction and psychometric properties of three scales to evaluate Work Overload during confinement due to covid-19

Resumen Introducción: La sobrecarga de trabajo es uno de los factores psicosociales más investigados, pero aún falta indagar y contar con evidencia empírica que muestre las repercusiones de realizar el trabajo desde casa, al ser esta una nueva forma de organización laboral por el confinamiento derivado del covid-19, donde las actividades laborales se entremezclan con otros roles asumidos en casa. Objetivo: Desarrollar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Sobrecarga de Trabajo desde Casa derivado del covid-19, la Escala Sobrecarga de Trabajo y Cuidado de Otros durante el confinamiento por covid-19 y la Escala Sobrecarga de Trabajo y Apoyo Escolar durante el confinamiento por covid-19. Método: Se trató de un diseño no experimental y transeccional, aplicando los instrumentos construidos. Participaron 321 encuestados residentes en México, la media de edad fue de 36 años, el 76,6 % mujeres y el 23,4 % hombres. Los participantes se seleccionaron de manera no aleatoria en un muestreo por conveniencia. Resultados: Las tres escalas obtuvieron índices de Alfa de Cronbach que señalan buena consistencia. Los análisis factoriales, exploratorio por componentes principales y confirmatorio por modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales, indicaron un buen ajuste del modelo en las tres escalas. Conclusiones: Las tres escalas confirmaron unidimensionalidad e indicadores psicométricos adecuados, se recomienda su uso para evaluar la sobrecarga cualitativa de trabajo desde casa, por llevar a cabo la tarea del cuidado de otros y derivada del apoyo escolar.

Abstract Introduction: Work overload is one of the most investigated psychosocial factors, but there is still a lack of research and empirical evidence showing the repercussions of performing work activities from home, since this is a new form of work organization because of the confinement measures due to covid-19, where work activities are entangled with other roles adopted at home. Objective: To develop and analyze the psychometric properties of the covid-19 Work Overload from Home Scale, the covid-19 Work Overload and Care of Others during Confinement Scale, and the covid-19 Work Overload and School Support during Confinement Scale. Method: It was a non-experimental and transectional design, applying the developed instruments. A total of 321 respondents resident in Mexico participated, the average age was 36 years, 76,6 % were women and 23,4 % were men. Results: The three scales analyzed obtained Cronbach's Alpha values that indicate satisfactory consistency. Exploratory factorial analysis by principal components and confirmatory factorial analysis by structural equation modeling indicated good model fit at all three scales. Conclusions: The three scales confirmed unidimensionality and adequate psychometric indicators, which is why their use is recommended to evaluate the qualitative work overload from home, for carrying out the task of caring for others and derived from school support.

Satisfação profissional e sobrecarga de trabalho de enfermeiros da área de saúde mental / Job satisfaction and work overload among mental health nurses in the south of Brazil

Resumo Avaliar a satisfação profissional e a sobrecarga de trabalho dos enfermeiros atuantes em serviços de saúde mental e realizar uma comparação em relação aos demais profissionais do serviço. Estudo transversal, com amostragem por critério de conveniência, realizado em 2016 com 61 profissionais da área de saúde mental dos Centros de atenção psicossocial de um município localizado no extremo sul do Brasil. Para coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário sociodemográfico e as Escalas de avaliação do impacto do trabalho (Impacto-Br) e de satisfação da equipe (Satis-Br). A análise dos dados foi realizada através do programa SPSS 21.0.O nível de sobrecarga global dos enfermeiros foi de 2,92 ± 0,42 e de satisfação global de 3,38 ± 0,51. Quando avaliado os escores na escala Satis-Br, houve uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa nos níveis de satisfação dos enfermeiros (3,36 ± 0,77) em relação aos demais profissionais atuantes no serviço (3,78 ± 0,56) no escore qualidade dos serviços oferecido (p = 0,04). O fator que promoveu maior nível de sobrecarga de trabalho entre os enfermeiros estão relacionados ao sentimento de se sentir fisicamente cansado (2,99 ± 0,92). Já o fator que promoveu maior satisfação profissional está relacionado ao bom relacionamento com a equipe (4,06 ± 0,65).

Abstract This study assessed job satisfaction and work overload among doctors, nurses, psychologists, and nursing technicians working in community mental health services and conducted a comparison between nurses and other healthcare professionals. Using convenience sampling, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 61 healthcare professionals working in psychosocial care centers in a municipality located in the South Region of Brazil. Data was collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, work impact assessment scale (Impacto - Br), and mental health professional satisfaction scale (Satis - Br). Data analysis was performed using the statistical software package SPSS 21.0. The average overall work overload score of nurses was 2.92 ± 0.42 and the average overall job satisfaction score was 3.38 ± 0.51. The level of satisfaction of nurses with the quality of services provided was lower than that of other professionals (3.36 ± 0.77 compared to 3.78 ± 0.56, respectively; p = 0.04). The factor that had the greatest negative influence on work overload among nurses was feeling physically tired (2.99 ± 0.92), while the factor that had the greatest positive influence on job satisfaction was good working relationships (4.06 ± 0.65).

Efectos diferidos y concurrentes del clima de grupo sobre los cambios en el aprendizaje de equipo: el rol modulador de la presión temporal y la sobrecarga de trabajo / Concurrent and Lagged Effects of Team Climate on Team Learning Changes: The Moderator Role of Time Pressure and Work Overload

Los grupos de trabajo son centrales en las organizaciones actuales, y uno de los procesos más relevantes es el aprendizaje de equipo, su desarrollo y sus antecedentes. El presente estudio tiene dos objetivos principales: 1) analizar el efecto del clima del grupo sobre el desarrollo del aprendizaje de equipo y 2) estudiar el rol modulador de diferentes estresores de equipo (sobrecarga y presión temporal) en dicha relación. Los resultados muestran que el clima del equipo influye de manera concurrente y diferida sobre el aprendizaje. La sobrecarga de trabajo modula la relación entre el apoyo a la innovación y el aprendizaje de equipo al inicio del trabajo en grupo. Sin embargo, la presión temporal no parece tener efectos en dicha relación.

Teams are central work units in organizations. One of the processes that are receiving attention is team learning. The focus is on those processes that can predict team learning and its evolution over time. This study has two objectives. First, analyze team climate effect on team learning development. Second, test the moderator role of team stressors (work overload and time pressure) in the relationship between tem climate and team learning. Results obtained shows that team climate have concurrent and differed effects on team learning. On the other hand, work overload moderates the relationship between support for innovation and team learning at the beginning of teamwork, but time pressure does not have effects in the relationship between team climate and team learning.

O sofrimento psíquico de agentes comunitários de saúde e suas relações com o trabalho / The psychological distress of community health agents and its relations to working conditions

O estudo tem a finalidade de analisar aspectos que, quando presentes nas condições e relações de trabalho de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS), podem relacionar-se ao desencadeamento de sofrimento psíquico nestes profissionais e, consequentemente, impedir que tenham uma postura profissional ativa e mediadora, tanto para a garantia do direito à saúde quanto para a operacionalização dos serviços de saúde. Para o delineamento conceitual e caracterização do fenômeno estudado, recorreu-se ao corpus de conhecimentos produzidos por Dejours, que ofereceu, nas últimas décadas, importantes contribuições para a compreensão da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e suas consequências. A pesquisa foi realizada durante uma intervenção em unidade de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Rondonópolis (MT); para a coleta de dados foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: grupos de conversa e entrevistas abertas com agentes comunitários de saúde, observação do trabalho que realizavam e entrevistas abertas com a população usuária das unidades. A apreciação dos resultados partiu do registro cursivo e análise dos discursos captados durante as atividades e foi feita por meio de categorias, que foram analisadas. Considerou-se que há situações que caracterizam a sobrecarga de trabalho do ACS em vários âmbitos. Duas consequências foram apontadas, uma relacionada com a perda das especificidades da profissão, o que parece levar ao desvirtuamento das atribuições profissionais, e a outra associada à insalubridade das condições e relações de trabalho. Ambas parecem estar relacionadas com a produção de sofrimento psíquico nos agentes comunitários de saúde, o que pode ser minimizado com maior empoderamento destes profissionais.

Sobrecarga del cuidador primario de personas con Deterioro Cognitivo y su relación con el Tiempo de Cuidado / Primary caregiver overloads people with cognitive impairment and its relationship with Time Care

Introducción: El cuidado a las personas con Deterioro Cognitivo representa una sobrecarga objetiva importante en el cuidador primario, en términos de tiempo, lo cual repercute en sus diferentes ámbitos; laboral, familiar, social y de salud1, 2 Objetivo: Evaluar la sobrecarga del cuidador primario del adulto mayor con deterioro cognitivo en relación con el tiempo de cuidado. Metodología: Es un estudio descriptivo, resultado de una prueba piloto; realizada en el periodo de Marzo-Abril de 2010, en "la Fundación Alzheimer México" y "la Fundación Alzheimer Querétaro", la muestra se constituyo de 40 cuidadores primarios de personas con deterioro cognitivo o demencia, a quienes se les aplicó la "Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit".3 Resultados: El 58% de la muestra presenta sobrecarga y sobrecarga intensa; en relación con las horas de cuidado el 74% dedica más de 5 horas al día y en años, el 65% más de 5 años. Discusión: Los resultados socio demográficos encontrados en el presente estudio son similares a los encontrados por otros autores españoles,11 Conclusiones: Se logró; evaluar la sobrecarga y las horas de cuidado, sin embargo falta profundizar en los factores predisponentes para sobrecarga y el acceso a la información para brindar cuidado a la persona a su cargo y generar mecanismos de autocuidado. El estudio aporta otra perspectiva de investigación y un panorama de oportunidad para el ejercicio del profesional de enfermería en el hogar.

Introduction: Having important impacts on their labor, family, social, and health situations, taking care of cognitive-impaired patients is a work overload among primary care professionals 1,2 . Objective: Assess the work overload of cognitiveimpaired elder patient care professionals. Methodology: Descriptive pilot study carried out between March and April 2010 in the "Fundación Alzheimer México" and the "Fundación Alzheimer Querétaro". The sample included 40 cognitive-impaired elder patient care professionals who completed the "Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit3 Results: 58% of the sample showed work overload or intense work overload. 74% reported spending more than 5 hours per day to this type of care, and 65% reported having been working in this area for more than 5 years. Discussion: Findings were similar to those reported by other Spanish authors 11. Conclusion: Work overload and care hours were assessed, however it is necessary to further analyze underlying factors in order to provide better care, and generate self-care initiatives. This study offers a research perspective and a paramount of opportunity for the Nursing professionals working in homes.

Qualitative work overload and other risk factors related to hypertension risk among Indonesian Police Mobile Brigade (Brimob).

Members of the Police Mobile Brigade (Brimob) can suffer from hypertension which is related to work stressors and other risk factors. This study aimed to identify the relationship between work stressors and other hypertensive risk factors. The subjects of this cross-sectional study were members of the Brimob undergoing their periodic medical check-up during July-October 2007. A subject was hypertensive if systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 140 mmHg or higher, or diastolic (DBD) 90 mmHg, or higher or taking antihypertensive drugs. Normal subjects were those who had SBP less than 120 mmHg and DBP less than 80 mmHg, and have never been diagnosed with hypertension. A number of 336 Brimobs aged 21 to 51 years participated in this study, 111 had high blood pressure and 79 had normal blood pressure. Hypertension was found to be related to excessive body weight and qualitative work overload. Age, work, lifestyle, history of diabetes, hypertension in the family, and other work stressors were not found to increase the risk of hypertension. Medium to high level qualitative work overload had a two-fold risk for hypertension [relative risk adjusted (RRa) = 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97-4.14; p = 0.060]. Overweight subjects had 48% increased risk to hypertension (RRa = 1.48; 95% CI = 0.98-2.22). Obese subjects had a two-fold risk of being hypertensive (RRa = 2.21; 95%CI = 1.51 - 3.14). Qualitative work overload and obesity increased the risk of hypertension. These risk factors should therefore be controlled.

Desafios e possibilidades ao trabalho docente e à sua relação com a saúde / Challenges and possibilities to docent work and the relation with health

Neste estudo, visamos desenvolver uma análise da dinâmica da relação trabalho/saúde dos docentes, revelando aspectos dessa relação e as formas de combate tecidas nos conflitos e tensões do cotidiano, afirmando a vida nas suas diferentes dimensões. Focamos nossa atenção na análise de fatores que contribuem para a “sobrecarga de trabalho” (termo utilizados pelos/as trabalhadores/as), buscando revelar também que tipos de movimentos são feitos pelos professores e professoras para instaurar novas normas de saúde diante de condições tão adversas. Teve como universo as/os professoras/es do ensino médio de uma escola estadual da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.Operamos com algumas das perspectivas da Psicologia do Trabalho, da Saúde do Trabalhador e da Ergonomia da Atividade Situada...

In this article study we sought to develop an analysis that took to the understanding of the dynamics of the relationship work / health of the educational ones, revealing aspects of that relationship and the combat forms woven in the conflicts and tensions of the daily, affirming the life in its different dimensions and incorporating the gender perspective.We fastened our attention in the analysis of factors that you/they contribute to the ' work overload' (term used by the workers), seeking to also reveal that types of movements are made by the teachers and teachers to establish new norms of health due to such adverse conditions. Had as universe the teachers of the medium teaching of a state school of the city of Rio de Janeiro. We worked inside of the perspective of the Work`s Psicology, Worker's Health also incorporating the Ergonomic`s Ativity Situated...

Administração do tempo nas atividades de enfermagem de uma UTI / Administration of the time in the activities of nursing of a UTI / Administração hacen el uma UTI en las atividades de enfermagem de del tempoexcesiva de trabajo

O trabalho investigou como enfermeiras assistenciais de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) empregam seu tempo durante a execução de suas atividades e quais estratégias utilizam para realizá-las. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo, realizado numa instituição pública na cidade de Fortaleza/CE. A pesquisa ocorreu de fevereiro a abril de 2004, havendo sido utilizados como instrumentos uma entrevista e um check list. Os dados foram apresentados em figuras. As falas foram lidas e interpretadas, tendo como referencial teórico literaturas sobre administração do tempo. Percebemos que as enfermeiras não aproveitam adequadamente seu tempo, relatam estar sempre sobrecarregadas e realizando tarefas burocráticas que não lhes competem. Delegam tarefas aos auxiliares, para desenvolverem suas atividades durante a jornada de trabalho. Entretanto, faz-se necessário um redimensionamento de pessoal para melhoria da assistência de Enfermagem.

The work investigated as nurses assistenciais of an Unit of Intensive Therapy use her time during execution of their activities and which strategies use for you accomplish them. It is a study exploratory, descriptive, accomplished in a public institution in the city of Fortaleza/CE. THE research happened from February to April of 2004. The used instruments were an interview and a check list. The data were presented in illustrations. The speeches were read, interpreted tends referencial theoretical literatures about administration of the time. We noticed that the nurses don't take advantage her time appropriately, they tell be overloaded always and accomplishing bureaucratic tasks that they don't compete them. They delegate tasks to the auxiliaries, for us to develop their activities in the work day. However, it is necessary a personnel redimensionamento for improvement of the nursing attendance.

El trabajo investigado como alimenta los assistenciais de una Unidad de su de uso de Terapia Intensivo cronometran durante la ejecución de sus actividades y qué estrategias use para usted lógrelos. Es un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, cumplido en una institución pública en la ciudad de Fortaleza/CE. LA investigación pasó de febrero a abril de 2004. Los instrumentos usados eran una entrevista y una lista de control. Los datos se presentaron en las ilustraciones. Los discursos fueron leídos, interpretó cuida las literaturas teóricas al referencial sobre la administración del tiempo. Nosotros notamos que las enfermeras no toman que los su de ventaja cronometran apropiadamente, ellos dicen siempre se cargue excesivamente y logrando las tareas burocráticas que los ellos no los compiten. Ellos delegan las tareas a los auxiliares, para nosotros para desarrollar sus actividades por el día de trabajo. Sin embargo, es necesario un redimensionamento del personal para la mejora de la asistencia lactante.

A Study on Karoshi to Make Application for Industrial Accident Compensation in Busan / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Karoshi is a word meaning death from work-overload. Work-related diseases due to continuous overwork are primarily cerebro- and cardio-vascular in nature. In Korea, despite an increase in the incidence of Karoshi, it is not easy to recognise by workmen's compensation in Korea. This study intended to establish basic information concerning the incidence of Karoshi. METHODS: 219 cases were collected based on workers' compensation records of three Busan Regional Centers of Labor Welfare Corporation from 1991 to 1999. The size of workplace, occupation, daily working time, type of working schedule, job tenures, characters of work-overload and duration of work-overload were investigated according of subgroups of general characteristics. Both univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between risk factors and a recognition of Karoshi. RESULTS: 1. 61.6 % of total cases were recognized as Karoshi. 30.6 % occurred in a small workplace of less than 50 workers, 34.7 % were drivers or guards, and 48.8 % were more than 50 years old. Additionally, 29.6 % worked more than 12 hours, 37.5 % were irregular hours and shift workers and 21.5 % of the total had been on the job less than 6 months. 2. Of the causes of death, 49.8 % was cerebro-vascular diseases and it was more than cardio-vascular ones. And 80.4 % of total cases was belonged to the recognition-category of the Labour Ministry's Law. The previous disease history was found on 49.8 % of all cases. Of them, hypertension was most common as 21.9 %. 3. 53.9 % of patients were exposed to job hazards such as driving, monitoring, guarding, risky jobs and frequent long-term official trips. 64.7 % recorded a increased work-overload of job contents and working hours. Of the several types of work-overload, 42.5 % displayed long-term physical and psychotic work-overload and 22.2 % exhibited job characteristic work-overload. 4. In this study, work-overload was associated with the incidence of Karoshi in 76.3 % of cases. This rate was higher than the recognition of Workmen's compensation recorded by the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation. Of these, 43.6 % belonged to sufficient factors, 10.4 % partial factors, and 22.3 % were due to aggravating factors. 5. Logistic regression demonstrated that death due to cerebro- and cardio-vascular disease, shorttenure within 6 month was significantly associated with a recognition of Karoshi (p=0.034, OR=3.00, C I = 1 . 0 9~8.30/p=0.016, OR=6.76, CI=1.43~32.07 respectively) and that an increase of work-overload was also associated, but its statistical significance was slightly lower(p=0.081, OR=2.02, CI=0.91.~4.46 ) . However, no association was found between this recognition and overtime work, hazardous job, irregular work schedule, low-income, injury-onset place, or small size of workplace. The elderly group(>50years old) and those with a previous disease history were negatively associated with recognition although the statistical association was low. CONCLUSIONS: Karoshi in Busan occurred frequently in a small workplace of less than 50 workers, especially drivers or guards. Additionally, these cases worked more than 12 hours, were irregular hours and shift workers. The death due to cerebro- and cardio-vascular disease, short-tenure within 6 month was significantly associated with a recognition of Karoshi. However Karoshi in this study occurred frequently in overtime work and high risk groups of work-overload. Therefore, for prevention of Karoshi, work-overload and overtime work need improved and controled.